| Abel (2014a) |
Apartheid legislation (Group Areas Act 1950, Population Registration Act 1950, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, Bantu Resettlement Act 1954, Bantu Self-Government Act 1959, Homeland Constitution Act 1971, Land Acts 1913/1936) |
1913-1971 |
Describes the legal basis of the homeland system and the removals. |
| Abel (2014b) |
Apartheid legislation: Group Areas Act 1950, Population Registration Act 1950, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, Bantu Resettlement Act 1954, Bantu Self-Government Act 1959, Bantu Homeland Constitution Act 1971, Second Bantu Laws Amendment Act 1974 |
1950-1974 |
Establishes the legal basis of the homeland system and chiefs' limited powers. |
| Baldwin (1975) |
Statutes: Natives Land Act 1913, Land Act 1936, Group Areas Acts 1950/1957, Natives Resettlement Act 1954, Bantu Laws Amendment Acts, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, etc. |
1913-1973 |
Establishes the legal machinery for removals and the institutional framework of Separate Development. |
| Bell (1973) |
Physical Planning and Utilization of Resources Act No. 88 of 1967; Natives Land Act 1913; Native Trust and Land Act 1936; Wage Act 1925; Bantu Transport Services Act; Income Tax Acts 1962, 1964 |
1913-1969 |
Provide legal framework for land, controls on location, incentives and labour levies. |
| Bell (1986) |
Wiehahn Committee report 1979 and Homelands citizenship/constitution legislation, influx-control statutes (1952 Native Laws Amendment Act, 1964 Bantu Laws Amendment Act) |
1949-1979 |
Institutional background on labour-market segmentation, influx control and industrial-relations reform used to weigh state controls against market forces. |
| Bendix (1989) |
Influx control and segregation statutes (Black Land Act 1913, Development Trust and Land Act 1936, Black (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 1945, 1952 Pass Act, Black Labour Act 1964, Group Areas Act) |
1913-1964 |
Cited to trace the legal origin of influx control and restricted labour mobility. |
| Best (1971) |
Legislation: Bantu (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 1945, Group Areas Act, Promotion of Self-Government Act 1959, BIC Act 1959, Homelands Development Corporation Act 1965, Promotion of Economic Development of Bantu Homelands Act 1968, Physical Planning and Utilization of Resources Act 1967, Industrial Conciliation Act 1956 |
1945-1968 |
Describes the legal framework of influx control, homeland development and industrial location. |
| Binswanger and Deininger (1993) |
Legislation: Glen Grey Act 1894, Native Lands Act 1913, Agricultural Development Acts 1904/1907, Masters and Servants Laws, Mines and Works Act, pass laws, Land Subdivision Act 1970, and 1890s tenant registration/licence laws |
1866-1970 |
Statutes are described as the instruments of land and labor market distortion against black farmers and in favor of white farmers. |
| Budeli et al. (2008) |
Apartheid-era security and segregation statutes (Suppression of Communism Act 44 of 1950, Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act 48 of 1953, Bantu Labour Regulations Act 70 of 1973, Internal Security Act 74 of 1982, 1961 and 1983 Constitutions, BCEA 3 of 1983) |
1950-1983 |
Used to show how statutes suppressed, divided and channelled black unionism through works committees and meeting bans. |
| Carter (1958) |
Legislation and statutes (Citizenship Act 1949, Suppression of Communism Act 1950, Group Areas Act 1950, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, Bantu Education Act 1953, Native Labour Act 1953, South Africa Act 1909, etc.) |
1909-1957 |
Texts and provisions of the apartheid laws are analysed and compared throughout. |
| Christopher (1994b) |
Apartheid and segregation legislation (Natives Land Act 1913, Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Native Trust and Land Act 1936, Slums Act 1934, Housing Act 1920, Population Registration Act 1950, Group Areas Act 1950, etc.) |
1913-1992 |
The legislative framework is described as the basis of rural and urban segregation and as the source of the 1913/1936 land designations. |
| De Kiewiet (1941) |
Union and colonial legislation (Mines and Works Act 1911, Natives Land Act 1913, Native Urban Areas Act 1923, Industrial Conciliation Act, Wage Act 1925, Representation of Natives Act 1936, etc.) |
1894-1937 |
Traces the legal construction of the colour bar, segregation, and industrial and agricultural regulation. |
| Giliomee and Schlemmer (1985) |
Statute law: Natives Land Act 1913, Native Trust and Land Act 1936, Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Bantu Laws Amendment Act 1952, Black Urban Areas Act 1968, Act 102 of 1983, Rikhoto judgment |
1913-1983 |
Frames the legal mechanics of influx control and residence rights. |
| Gould (1981) |
Black Urban Areas Consolidation Act (1945), Black Labour Act, Group Areas Act (1966), Factories Act (1941), Black Building Workers Act (1951) and related apartheid statutes |
1945-1978 |
Shows the statutory framework of influx control, residential and workplace segregation that constrains black workers and unions. |
| Horrell (1968) |
1967 Acts of Parliament (Population Registration Amendment Act 64/67, Physical Planning and Utilization of Resources Act 88/67, Terrorism Act 83/67, Suppression of Communism Amendment Act 24/67, etc.) |
1967 |
Terms of the statutes are described and analysed. |
| Houghton and Dagut (1973) |
Legislation: Forest and Veld Conservation Act 1941, Industrial Conciliation Act 1956, Physical Planning Act 1967 |
1941-1967 |
Quoted as statutory texts of conservation, job reservation and control of factory employment of Bantu. |
| Innes and Plaut (1978) |
Legislation: Industrial Conciliation Act 1924, Native Administration Act 1927, Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act 1930, Job Reservation Act 1926 |
1924-1930 |
Used as evidence of state strategies to divide the working class and repress black worker organisation. |
| Lemon (1984b) |
Labour and group legislation: Industrial Conciliation Act 1924, Wages Act 1925, Mines and Works Amendment Act 1926, Group Areas Act 1950, job reservation 1956, Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act 1970, General Circular No. 27 (1967) |
1924-1978 |
Used to trace statutory race-based control of labor, residence, trade and homeland housing. |
| Lemon (1984b) |
Native Laws Amendment Act 1952, Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act 1952, Population Registration Act 1950, Illegal Squatting Act 1951 |
1950-1952 |
Establishes the postwar apparatus of efflux and influx control, labor bureaus and pass-law consolidation. |
| Major (2005) |
South African legislation: Industrial Conciliation Act 1924, Suppression of Communism Act 1950 (and 1951 amendment), 1953 Native Labour Act, 1956 and 1959 amendments, Sabotage Act 1962 |
1924-1962 |
Statutory framework restricting African unions and Communist-linked officials, explaining TUC caution and constraints on defence funds. |
| Mariotti (2010) |
Group Areas Act (1950), pass laws, Factories, Machinery and Building Work Act (1941), Apprenticeship Act (1944) |
1941-1950 |
Describes the legal restrictions on African residence, mobility and training that constrained employment in manufacturing. |
| Posel (2011) |
Population Registration Act, no. 30 of 1950 |
1950 |
Quoted for the legal definitions of white, native and coloured persons, illustrating the culturalist notion of race. |
| Sharp and West (1984) |
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1976, Section 3(c), and Group Areas proclamation for Port Nolloth 1968 |
1968, 1976 |
Shows state controls on squatting and in-migration restricting the mobility of Coloured people. |
| Simons (1956) |
Union statutes: Native Labour Regulation Act 1911, Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 (and 1937 amendment), Native Land Act 1913, Native Trust and Land Act 1936, Native Resettlement Act 1954, Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, Native Service Contract Act 1932, Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act 1952 |
1911-1954 |
Provides the legal framework of influx control, urban residence, and the reference book, analysed provision by provision. |
| Torchia (1988) |
Muriel Horrell, Race Relations as Regulated by Law in South Africa 1948-1979 |
1948-1979 |
Used for legislation: the Bantu Affairs Administration Act 1971 and the 1979 increase in fines for employing Africans without permission. |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Reparation and Rehab... (1998) |
Legislation: Land Acts 1913 and 1936; Group Areas Act 1950; National Keypoints Act 1980; UN Apartheid Convention 1976 |
1913-1980 |
Used for the structural and legal argument on dispossession, segregation of services, outsourced security and the legal basis for claims. |
| Wilson (2011) |
Mines and Works Act of 1911; Land Act of 1913; Group Areas Act; pass laws |
1911-1960s |
Legislation invoked as instruments of the colour bar, land dispossession and barriers to black entrepreneurs. |
| Wittenberg (2003a) |
Statutes: Native Laws Amendment Act 1952, Urban Areas Act, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act 1959, Status of Transkei Act 1976, Regional Services Council Act 1985, etc. |
1913-1998 |
Legislative framework forms the basis for describing apartheid's decentralised structures and the post-1994 local government system. |
| Wittenberg (2003b) |
Legislation: Native Laws Amendment Act 1952, Urban Areas Act, Bantu Authorities Act 1951, Status of Transkei Act 1976, RSC Act 1985, Local Government Transition Act 1993, Municipal Structures Act 1998, IGFR Act 1997, PFMA 1999, 1996 Constitution |
1913-1999 |
Establishes the formal institutional architecture of decentralisation before and after 1994. |
| Wotshela (2004) |
Proclamations R237 and R254 of 1975; Government Notices 1840 (1959) and 564 (1961); Acts 27 of 1913, 18 of 1936, 52 of 1951, 68 of 1951; Ciskeian Agricultural Development Act 5 of 1973 |
1913-1975 |
Provides the legal framework for consolidation and the dates of the excision and incorporation of Glen Grey and Herschel. |
| Zuberi et al. (2005) |
Statutes and Government Gazettes (Population Registration Act 1950, Census/Statistics Acts, Births and Deaths Registration Acts 1923/1963/1992, Group Areas, Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act etc.) |
1911-1998 |
Documents the legal framework of racial classification, population registration and vital registration. |