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Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 / Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 1945 and amendments (incl. Section 10)

Literature › Primary sources
Kind legislation gazette
Producer Union/Republic of South Africa Parliament
Coverage 1923-1986
Works using it 28

Debates

Debate Works
Influx control, pass laws and African urbanisation 12
Liberal vs revisionist: was apartheid functional or dysfunctional for capitalist growth? 10
Cheap labour thesis and the function of the reserves 9
Urban segregation, Group Areas and the apartheid city 4
Racial wage gaps, wage convergence and wage determination 4
Agrarian transition to capitalism and the fate of the African peasantry 3
Why apartheid ended: reform, transition and elite bargaining 3
Homelands, separate development, decentralisation and removals 3
Origins, coherence and ideology of apartheid and Afrikaner nationalism 3
Black trade unions: growth, wage effects, Wiehahn and strategy 3
The job colour bar, white labour and its erosion 2
Coloured Labour Preference policy in the Western Cape 2
The mine migrant labour system: origins, recruitment, foreign labour and stabilisation 2
The state and capital: instrumentalism, autonomy and fractions of capital 2
Unemployment: causes, measurement and labour market institutions 2
Worker consciousness, strikes and conflict on the mines and shop floor 2
Pre-Union colonial economy, the mineral revolution and the South African War 1
Historiographical approaches 1
Long-run legacy and persistence of apartheid 1
Data reliability and econometric method 1
Post-apartheid economic policy, governance and corruption 1
Resistance and liberation movements 1
Sanctions, disinvestment and the anti-apartheid movement 1

Works using this source

Work As cited Period How used
(ed.) et al. (1983) Legislation and Government Gazette notices (Black (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 1945, Admission of Persons to the Republic Regulation Act 1972, Government Gazette Nos. 8169 and 8209 of 1982, Black Labour Regulations, draft Orderly Movement and Settlement of Black Persons Bill) 1945-1982 Analysed to show how the legal framework created a large 'illegal' population and enabled deportations without court recourse.
Chaskalson and Duncan (1984) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No. 25 of 1945 (esp. sections 10, 11, 12, 14, 28, 29, 29bis, 31, 38bis, 43bis) 1945 (as amended to 1983) Main statutory source for the 72-hour rule, section 10 qualifications, removal powers, curfews and the position of foreign blacks.
Chaskalson and Duncan (1984) Government Notice R1072 of 25 May 1979 and section 6A of Act No. 97 of 1978 1978-1979 Shows post-1976 changes to the housing regulations, such as 99-year leasehold and the end of cancellation for unemployment.
Chaskalson and Duncan (1984) Regulations Governing Urban Black Residential Areas, Government Notice R1036, Regulation Gazette No. 976 of 14 June 1968 1968 (amended 1979) Source for the permit system for township housing, cancellation after 30 days' unemployment, and the detailed criminal offences in townships.
Curtis (1984) Legislation on urban African housing, transport and levies (as summarised in Horrell, Laws Affecting Race Relations) 1950s-1970s Establishes the statutory basis for transport levies and the beer/liquor revenue subsidies.
Davenport (1969) Natives (Urban Areas) Act 21 of 1923 and its amendments (1930, 1937, 1944, 1945, 1952, 1964 etc.), including the Native Services Levy Act 1952 1923-1964 The main object of analysis; its provisions on locations, advisory boards, pass control, brewing and influx control are traced across amendments.
Frankel (1979) Native Laws Amendment Act 54 of 1952; Native Urban Areas Act 1923; Native Laws Amendment Act 1937; Bantu Urban Areas Consolidation Act 1945; Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act 67 of 1952 1923-1952 Establishes the legal architecture of influx control, Section 10 rights and reference books.
Greenberg (1987) Orderly Movement and Settlement of Black Persons Bill (1982) and Riekert Commission recommendations 1982 Cited as the new control legislation that business opposed, indicating a withering of support.
Hofmeyr (1984) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No. 25 of 1945, Section 10(1)(a),(b),(c) 1945 Defines urban residence rights that segment the labour market into insiders and outsiders at the labour bureaux.
Johns (1994) Native Representation Act of 1936 and Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 1923, 1936 Defines the segregated electoral arenas (Advisory Boards, Native Senate and Representative seats) in which the CPSA contested elections.
Kantor and Kenny (1976) Urban Areas Act of 1921 1921 Cited as evidence that municipalities and the central government, not employers, bore the costs of urban African housing and welfare after the 1918 influenza epidemic.
Kok et al. (2006) Legislation: Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Native Law Amendment Act 1937, Consolidation Act 1945, Natives Laws Amendment Act 1952, Group Areas Act 1950, Abolition of Influx Control Act 1986, Land Acts, Immigration Act 2002, Refugees Act 1998 1913–2002 Statutes are described to show how the state controlled African urbanisation and foreign labour.
Krugell (2014) Native (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 and earlier segregation legislation (Native Reserve Locations Act 1902, Native Locations Act Natal 1904, OFS Municipal Ordinance 1903) 1902-1923 Background on the legal basis of urban segregation, taken from Davenport's account.
Lemon (1984b) Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 and Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 1945 (Section 10) 1923-1945 Provides the legislative framework of influx control and residence qualifications described in the historical review.
Lemon (1984c) Native and urban-area legislation 1923-1952 (Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Consolidation Act 1945, Illegal Squatting Act 1951, Native Laws Amendment Act 1952, Population Registration Act 1950, Group Areas Act 1950) 1923-1978 Narrates the legislative framework of influx and efflux control and its tightening over time.
Lucas (1985) Legislation: Bantu Urban Areas Act of 1945 (section 10) and 'master and servants' acts 1945-1970s Defines the section 10 labor market segmentation and the binding contracts that make labor supply sluggish.
Mabin (1986b) Native (Urban Areas) Act 1923 and Kimberley Public Notice of 10.9.1924 1923-1924 Shows enforcement of compulsory residence in locations from October 1924.
Maylam (1990) Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 and amendments (1930, 1937, 1952); Natal acts of 1869, 1888, 1901, 1904; Durban by-laws 1916; 1940 Proclamation no. 39; 1949 Government Notice 1032; Natives (Abolition of Passes) Act 1952 1869-1952 Traces the evolving legal framework of influx control and segregation and local implementation (e.g. proclamation of Durban in 1928).
Maylam (1995) 1923 Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 Used to show that the Act enabled but did not compel segregation, so municipal implementation varied.
Minkley (1990) Native Laws Amendment Act (1952), Natives Urban Areas Act s.10, and Native Labour Act of 1953 1945-1953 Frames the labour bureau, influx control and restriction of union activity in East London.
Pickles (1988a) Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act Section 10 amendments (1952, 1955, 1957) and 1978 Section 10 business and property rights 1952-1978 Defines the Section 10 'insider' rights that Riekert proposed to extend, as background to the insider/outsider distinction.
Pickles (1988b) Statutes: Section 10 amendments to the Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (1952, 1955, 1957); Physical Planning Act, 1967; Immorality Act, Mixed Marriages Act, Citizenship Act 1952-1987 Legislation supplying the legal framework of influx control, urban residency rights and metropolitan industrial controls.
Posel (1990a) Native Laws Amendment Act 1952, Urban Areas Act (1945) s10(1) and s12, and Labour Bureaux Regulations 1952 Establishes the legal design of influx control, the residence-right categories, and the labour bureaux and urban labour preference policy.
Posel (1990b) Natives (Urban Areas) Act s.10 (as amended 1952); Bantu in European Areas Bill 1960; Bantu Laws Amendment Bills 1963/64; Physical Planning and Utilisation of Resources Act 1967; Bantu Labour Amendment Bill 1968; Homeland Citizenship Act 1970 1952-1970 The bills and Acts are the objects whose drafting and fate trace BAD policy and its limits.
Savage (1984) Legislation: Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Native Laws Amendment Act 1937, Urban Areas Act amendments 1952 and 1978, Bantu Affairs Administration Act 1971, Admission of Persons to the Republic Regulation Act 1972, Orderly Movement of Black Persons Bill 1982 1923-1982 Traces the phases of pass law policy and their link to prosecution trends.
Savage (1986) Legislation: Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923, Native Laws Amendment Act 1937, Urban Areas Act amendment 1952, Admission of Persons to the Republic Regulation Act 1972, Bill 113 of 1982 1923-1982 The legislative phases of influx control are traced and used to interpret prosecution trends.
Siebert (1987a) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945, Section 10; Industrial Conciliation Act 1945-1979 Defines Section 10 rights shaping labour market segmentation, and the legal basis for black union recognition.
Siebert (1987b) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945, Section 10 1945 Defines Section 10 rights governing which black workers may live and work in towns, used to describe labour market segmentation.
Siebert (1987c) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act of 1945, Section 10; Industrial Conciliation Act 1945-1984 Defines Section 10 residence rights and union recognition, structuring the segmented labour market.
West (1982) Blacks (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No. 25 of 1945 as amended (esp. Sections 10, 14, 22(3), 29) and Native Amendment Act 1952 1945-1981 Establishes the legal basis of influx control, including Section 10 residence qualifications, quoted in full.