| Becker (1988) |
Exchange rate and foreign trade figures (rand per dollar 1981-1987; 1985 mining proceeds; 1985 US coal imports) |
1981-1987 |
Supplies rand depreciation figures and 1985 mineral export proceeds to document the 1985 credit crisis and the weight of gold. |
| Bond (1998) |
Unattributed official/financial figures on 1970s-90s debt, IMF loans, JSE and housing finance |
1970-1992 |
Quantities on parastatal foreign borrowing, IMF loans, 1985 debt standstill, private debt/GDP, township bonds and JSE share prices are stated without sources. |
| Budlender (1984) |
Farm wage index (industry sources) |
1977/8-1980/1 |
Shows fall in the wage index to support the claim that labour became more plentiful in the 1980s. |
| Budlender (1984) |
Macro statistics on agricultural employment, farm size and population change |
since 1970 |
Asserted to show absolute fall in agricultural workers and displacement into reserves. |
| Christopher (1990) |
Estimates of residents in the 'wrong' group area, 1985 (820,000 Black workers, 370,000 in compounds and locations; 230,000 Coloured and Indian) |
1985 |
Quantifies the gap between planned and actual residential separation to explain failure of total segregation. |
| Conradie et al. (2009) |
National price deflators (for machinery and other inputs) |
1952-2002 |
Used to deflate current-value inputs such as machinery and equipment where district-level prices were unavailable. |
| Cooper (2007) |
Data on class structure, households, wages, welfare, education and employment on both sides of 1994 |
Apartheid era and post-1994 |
The reviewer says much of the book analyses data to document and explain the trajectory of inequality, class structure and unemployment. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Agricultural price indices and mechanisation data, 1934/5-1947 |
1934-1947 |
Shows the wartime recovery of agricultural prices and mechanisation alongside the labour crisis. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Depression-era economic indicators (wheat price premium, agricultural net income, gold taxation, mining profits and tax 1932-33) |
1927-1933 |
Quantifies differential Depression impact and the state's extraction of mining surplus via the Excess Profits Tax. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Employment statistics for whites in private industry, 1923/4-1932/3 |
1923/4-1932/3 |
Shows white employment share in private industry rose under civilised labour policy. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Mining wage rate and white/black employment statistics, 1921-1932 |
1921-1932 |
Shows white miners' wages stayed below pre-1922 levels and the white-to-black ratio changed little, so the Pact brought no big gains. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Official statistics on poor whites absorbed by the state sector by 1931 |
to 1931 |
Quantifies state absorption of poor whites into public employment. |
| De Clercq (1979) |
Estimate of black unemployment in the early 1970s |
early 1970s |
Supports the claim that falling real wages and unemployment drove the early-1970s unrest. |
| De Clercq (1979) |
Union membership statistics for registered white, coloured and Asian unions, 1951, 1960, 1977 (non-agricultural sectors) |
1951-1977 |
Shows that registered unions organised only a small and shifting proportion of white, coloured and Asian workers. |
| De Klerk (1984a) |
National and regional wage and employment statistics for mining, manufacturing, construction and domestic service |
1970s |
Used to infer that men leaving farms found industrial jobs and that women had few alternatives; also to show real farm wages fell relative to industrial wages. |
| De Klerk (1984a) |
Recruitment statistics of black mine workers (South Africa and Bophuthatswana) |
1970-1976 |
Supports the argument of rising urban/mining labour pull on rural men. |
| De Klerk (1984c) |
National and regional wage and employment statistics for mining, manufacturing and construction |
1970s |
Used to infer that urban industrial jobs became more attractive and absorbed displaced male farm workers. |
| Drew (1994) |
Unspecified data on workforce composition in the late 1920s (African and white shares of private manufacturing employment, African professionals) |
late 1920s |
Used to argue that an African proletariat existed and that there was no African bourgeoisie. |
| Fedderke (2006) |
Formal sector employment series by major sector, 1970-98 (Figure 3, Table 1) |
1970-1998 |
Shows decelerating formal employment growth and 1990s job losses across sectors, especially mining. |
| Fedderke and Luiz (2008) |
User cost of capital series (USER) |
1954-1992 |
Marginal cost of capital regressor in the investment relation. |
| Giliomee (1995) |
Unspecified official socioeconomic series (African schooling enrolments 1960-85, wages, disposable income shares, household income 1985, unemployment, housing, infant mortality, GDP growth, central government employment, public debt interest) |
1960-1992 |
Documents both expanding African education and incomes and persistent racial disparities and economic stagnation. |
| Heintz (2000) |
Survey-based manufacturing capacity utilization series |
mid-1980s onward |
Noted as existing but too short to use; lagged value-added growth is used as proxy instead. |
| Hilsenrath and Pogue (2012) |
Rand price of Saudi light crude, July 1973–November 1984 (author series; Hilsenrath 1985; Stokke) |
1973-1984 |
Shows rand depreciation raised the domestic crude price and made Sasol output cost-competitive in the mid-1980s. |
| Hilsenrath and Pogue (2012) |
Witwatersrand gold output 1886-1902 (Figure 1) and employment figures |
1886-1902 |
Shows rapid growth of gold output and employment after the cyanide process. |
| Hindson (1978) |
Recorded Reserve agricultural output statistics |
c. 1955-1970s |
Total recorded Reserve output divided by the minimum output level gives full-time employment equivalents in the Reserves. |
| Hoffman and Todd (2000) |
1995/96 livestock stocking density data (LSU/HA) |
1995/96 |
Stocking density variable included in the regression for the combined index. |
| Iliffe (1999) |
Tractor numbers on South African farms, 1946 and 1960 |
1946-1960 |
Quantifies post-1946 agricultural mechanization that turned labour scarcity into glut. |
| Innes and Plaut (1978) |
White trade union membership and strike counts, 1919-1929 (source unspecified) |
1919-1929 |
Shows the demobilisation of white workers after the 1922 Rand Revolt (falling union membership and strike activity). |
| Innes and Plaut (1978) |
White wage rates in the mining industry, 1925-1932 vs pre-1922 (source unspecified) |
pre-1922 to 1932 |
Shows that white mine wages were cut after the 1922 Revolt. |
| Jeeves and Crush (1992) |
Working profits figures for gold industry 1911-32 and 1933-40 (source unspecified) |
1911-1940 |
Contrasts post-devaluation profits with earlier decades to show the 1930s boom. |
| Kahn (1987a) |
Real and nominal rand effective (trade-weighted) exchange rate index, 1975-1986 (Figure 3) |
1975-1986 |
Shows that the real and nominal rates appreciated with the rising gold price in 1980 and 1982 and depreciated after the 1984 political events. |
| Kahn (1987b) |
Real and nominal trade-weighted rand effective exchange rate (Figure 3) |
1975-1986 |
Shows that the real and nominal rates appreciated with the gold price in 1980 and 1982 and depreciated after the 1984 political events. |
| Katzen (1962) |
Unemployment estimate for the Peninsula (about 7,000 of all races) |
1962 |
Used to argue that unemployment is low, rebutting the claim that Africans take Coloured jobs. |
| Katzen (1962) |
Unspecified figures on African employment in Peninsula commerce, garages, milk distribution, government departments and S.A.R.&H. |
c. 1962 |
Documents African employment in non-industrial occupations, including nearly 5,000 in government departments and railways, to show Coloureds cannot replace them. |
| Katzen (1974) |
Employment and job-diversion data for border areas 1960-66 and 1969-70, including cost of decentralization concessions to 1969 |
1960-1970 |
Used to estimate the number of jobs diverted, the border areas' share of national employment increase, and the cost per job. |
| Katzen (1974) |
Industrial location statistics for South Africa and border areas to 1960 (industry distribution across the four main industrial areas and border/Bantu areas) |
c.1935-1960 |
Establishes that the pattern of industrial location remained virtually unchanged for 25 years before 1960, with 80 per cent in four main areas. |
| Keegan (1979) |
Trade statistics on ORC exports and imports (maize, oats, dairy, sorghum, flour), 1906-1909 (unspecified source) |
1906-1909 |
Quantifies the rise in agricultural exports and fall of imports after 1906. |
| Keegan (1986) |
Official agricultural output statistics (as critiqued via Lipton) |
1940s onward |
Author notes that productivity comparisons between white and black farming rest on unreliable official statistics. |
| Lemon (1984a) |
Average annual income figures for black workers by sector, 1976 |
1976 |
Compares black agricultural wages to mining, manufacturing and non-agricultural averages. |
| Lemon (1984b) |
Agricultural wage data 1976 (average annual income of black agricultural workers vs mining and manufacturing) |
1976 |
Shows low agricultural wages relative to other sectors. |
| Lemon (1984c) |
Frontier commuter statistics, 1970-1979 (Figure 2) and Smit (1979) squatter estimate |
1970-1979 |
Quantifies growth of frontier commuters and squatters in homelands abutting white urban areas. |
| Lemon (1984c) |
Wage data for black agricultural, mining and manufacturing workers, 1976 (unattributed in text) |
1976 |
Shows black farm workers' very low pay relative to other sectors. |
| Lewis (1990) |
African trade union membership figures, 1979 and 1988 (source not given) |
1979-1988 |
A single round-number membership estimate shows that the black union movement grew rapidly, which explains labor historians' continued focus on industrial relations. |
| Lipton and Lipton (1994) |
Population/rural share statistics and projections (1985 rural population share; projection to 2010), source unspecified |
1985; projected to 2010 |
Establishes the size of the rural population (37% of total, 47% of Africans; 12.5m rising to 16m) to argue for rural livelihoods. |
| Lucas (1985) |
Annual time-series dataset (1946-1980) on mining output, employment, capital stocks, wages and prices by subsector (gold, diamonds, coal, other minerals), compiled by the author from unnamed published sources |
1946-1980 |
Provides all variables (output, employment, k, e, wages, prices) for the estimated labor demand and production function systems. |
| Lucas (1985) |
Nonwhite male population ages 18-49 and nonwhite employment/earnings in manufacturing, construction and South African Railways and Harbours |
1946-1980 |
Proxy for nonwhite male labor force and expected manufacturing wage in the South African labor supply equation. |
| Lucas (1985) |
Published Divisia quantity indices for other minerals (several spliced together) |
1946-1980 |
Measures output for the 'other minerals' subsector with 1957 base of 1000. |
| Lundahl (1984) |
Export, foreign capital and oil dependence statistics (gold share of exports 1978-79; manufactures and agriculture 1975; oil 1980; liquid fuels 1977; FDI shares 1887-1975) |
1887-1980 |
Establishes South Africa's dependence on foreign capital, gold exports and imported oil as motivation for sanctions. |
| Marais (1981) |
Author's industrial output, import and export series by industrial classification, 1916/17-1975 (Table 1, Figure 1, Appendix A), at 1956/57 prices |
1916/17-1975 |
Provides the output, import and export values and growth rates by consumer, intermediate and primary-processing groups that carry the structural-change argument. |
| Marais (1981) |
Industry-level export and tariff data for chemicals and rubber products, 1975/76-1978/79 (source not named) |
1975/76-1978/79 |
Illustrates how tariff protection and export performance coincide in capital-intensive processing industries. |
| Marais (1981) |
Input-output type inter-industry sales data 1960/61-1975 (source not named) |
1960/61-1975 |
Measures inter-industry linkages among consumer, intermediate and primary-processing groups. |
| McCarthy (1982) |
Unattributed manufacturing statistics for 1976 (metropolitan share of value added and employment) |
1976 |
Documents high industrial concentration (80% of value added, 76% of employment; PWV 50% and 45%). |
| Overseas Development Institute (1986) |
Shares of world mineral production (high estimates, unattributed) |
mid-1980s |
Shows South Africa's market power in gold, platinum and other minerals to assess the 'perverse' price effects. |
| Posel (1983) |
Unspecified urban African population statistics (1920s onward) |
1920s onward |
Invoked, without citation, to claim urban African growth was ever-increasing and irreversible from the 1920s. |
| Savage (1986) |
Unspecified official arrest data for 11 major urban centres 1974-84, including Administration Board officials and women arrested |
1974-1984 |
Used for the share of arrests in cities, by Administration Boards, by women, and city-level patterns. |
| Schneider (2000) |
Statistics on the number of manufacturing firms 1925-1933 (source unspecified, note 6) |
1925-1933 |
Supports the claim that manufacturing firm numbers rose after the 1925 tariffs and even during the Depression. |
| Seekings (2010) |
Government social assistance (grant) coverage and expenditure figures, late 2000s |
late 2000s |
Supports the claim that social grants redistribute about 3.5 percent of national income and reach about half of metropolitan households. |
| Siebert (1987a) |
Gross capital formation and fixed asset benchmark figures (mining and manufacturing) |
benchmark years to 1984 |
Construct real capital stock series by perpetual inventory using benchmark values and assumed depreciation rates, deflated by the wholesale price index. |
| Siebert (1987b) |
Capital stock series (end value of fixed assets / machinery plus buildings; gross capital formation) |
1947-1984 |
Real capital stock series built from benchmark years with perpetual-inventory depreciation, entering the labour demand equations. |
| Siebert (1987b) |
Output, value of output and implicit product price series (kilos of gold, physical volume index, value of gold sales, value of net output) |
1947-1984 |
Used to derive the implicit sectoral product-price deflator (1975=100) used to deflate wages in demand equations. |
| Siebert (1987c) |
Capital stock series for mining and manufacturing (fixed assets benchmarks plus gross capital formation) |
benchmark years to 1984 |
Real capital stock built by perpetual inventory from benchmarks and gross capital formation, used as a demand-side variable. |
| Siebert (1987c) |
Output, value of output and price series (gold output in kilos, manufacturing volume index, value of gold sales) |
1947-1984 |
Derive implicit product price deflators (1975=100) for sector wage deflation in the demand equations. |
| Simkins (n.d.) |
Statistical material on agricultural production by black households outside the homelands (series since discontinued) |
Not specified; ceased to be collected |
Used to claim own-account agricultural production was a shrinking share of black farm household income outside the homelands. |
| Simkins (n.d.) |
Unnamed demographic estimates of black population distribution 1950, 1980-1985 (rural share, metropolitan growth rates) |
1950-1985 |
Supplies figures on black population shares outside the homelands and on metropolitan growth rates and net inmigration. |
| Steward (2004a) |
Land allocation and population shares under the homeland partition policy |
early 1980s |
Illustrates the inequity of the partition model, with 78% of the population allocated 13% of the land. |
| Teoh et al. (1999) |
Aggregate South African work stoppage series (fig. 1) |
1974-1987 |
Documents unrest by number of work stoppages (200-400 per year, 793 in 1986, 1,148 in 1987). |
| Todes and Watson (1984) |
Table 23: Growth in manufacturing employment in selected growth centres; Tables 27-29 on employment in approved vs actual projects and non-metropolitan manufacturing output (1976) |
1975-1983; 1976 |
Shows drop-out between approved and realised projects, the countercyclical pattern of decentralised employment, and the small share of clothing/textiles outside the metropolitan areas. |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Reparation and Rehab... (1998) |
Estimate of unelectrified black households, schools and clinics, 1992 |
1992 |
Shows the extent of black exclusion from electricity. |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Reparation and Rehab... (1998) |
Mine mortality, tuberculosis treatment and workers' compensation figures (unnamed sources) |
1950s-1993 |
Documents accident mortality, TB deaths among repatriated miners and racial compensation differentials. |
| Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Reparation and Rehab... (1998) |
Socio-economic statistics on poverty, unemployment, education and services by race (unattributed) |
late 1990s |
Sets out the contemporary inequality justifying business reparations. |
| Van Zyl et al. (1987a) |
National real total income per worker comparisons (R.S.A. and black workers), 1970-1985 |
1970-1985 |
Benchmark against which farm remuneration growth (2.55-3.50%) is compared. |
| Venter (1979) |
Unspecified Transkei/South African government and Transkei Development Corporation figures on employment, investment, agricultural output, land use and budget transfers |
1976-1978 |
Supplies the figures on jobs created, investment, cereals and cattle output, land use, migrant numbers and financial transfers that underpin the development assessment. |
| Venter et al. (2000) |
1997 Rural Development Framework and Census-type rural population/unemployment figures cited without named source |
c. 1997-2000 |
Statistics on rural share and unemployment by province frame the rural development crisis. |
| Webster (1984) |
Statistics on liaison and works committees 1973-77 and African workers in industrial disputes |
1973-1977 |
Counts of committees and strike participants indicate the depth of the 1973-76 crisis of control and the employer offensive. |
| World Bank (1994) |
Balance of payments, foreign reserves, fiscal deficit and inflation statistics 1981-1993 |
1981-1993 |
Describes the external constraint, record fiscal deficit, and inflation trends. |
| World Bank (1994) |
Employment and labour force data by race, formal sector versus informal/subsistence |
1970-1993 |
Documents deteriorating employment growth and black unemployment of about one quarter. |
| World Bank (1994) |
Government expenditure data on education per pupil by race, 1990 |
1990 |
Shows apartheid-era disparity in public spending per pupil. |
| World Bank (1994) |
Racial income and social indicator comparisons (per-capita personal income by race) |
early 1990s |
Quantifies racial income inequality (whites 9.5 times Africans). |
| World Bank (1994) |
Sectoral output, capital stock and productivity estimates for mining, manufacturing and agriculture |
1950-1990s |
Shows falling capital productivity and low total factor productivity growth in key sectors. |