| (ed.) et al. (1983) |
Hansard 1954 and 1963 ministerial statements on Coloured Labour Preference (House of Assembly) |
1954-1963 |
Source for Verwoerd's 1954 statement and De Wet Nel's 1963 redefinition of the Eiselen line. |
| (ed.) et al. (1987) |
Parliamentary debate on Electricity Act 1922 (Dr Van der Bijl quotation) |
1922 |
Quotation illustrating the aims of Escom's founding. |
| Author not named in text (MSc candidate (2012) |
House of Assembly Debates (Hansard), 1947, 1948, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1976, 1991 |
1947-1991 |
Quoted for the white bread promise, bread subsidy debates, the 1953 price increase fight, monopoly complaints and enriched bread assessments. |
| Baldwin (1975) |
House of Assembly Debates, 17 May 1973 (Janson and P. Z. L. Vuuren) |
1973 |
Quotes the Deputy Minister and a Nationalist MP to show government positions on homelands and temporary sojourn of Africans. |
| Baldwin (1975) |
House of Assembly debate, 4 February 1969 (Koornhof), quoted in Desmond |
1969 |
Shows the official attitude to removing 'redundant' Africans from white areas. |
| Bozzoli (1975) |
Parliamentary speech by Smuts, 17 September 1919 |
1919 |
Shows Smuts's rhetorical support for industrialization as a cure for political ills. |
| Carter (1958) |
Parliamentary debates: House of Assembly Debates (Hansard) and Senate Debates |
1946-1957 |
Main source for party positions and arguments on the Citizenship, Suppression of Communism, Group Areas, Bantu Education, Separate Representation of Voters and other bills. |
| Christopher (1983a) |
Assembly Debates, Vol. 8 (1980) |
1980 |
Cited for parliamentary rejection of proposals to reduce the range of constituency sizes. |
| Christopher (1983b) |
Assembly Debates, Vol. 8 (1980) |
1980 |
Documents rejection of parliamentary proposals to reduce the range of constituency sizes or equalise them. |
| Christopher (1990) |
Official data on racial reclassification under the Population Registration Act, 1988 (South Africa, 1989, Parliamentary Debates) |
1988 |
Table 3 shows 867 people reclassified in 1988 to illustrate the imprecision and arbitrariness of racial classification. |
| Christopher (1991) |
Hansard 1990 (reclassification figures and de Klerk speech) |
1989-1990 |
Provides 1989 racial reclassification numbers and de Klerk's Feb 1990 reform announcement retaining population groups. |
| Christopher (1991) |
Hansard, House of Assembly debates 1950 (Donges speech on Group Areas Bill) |
1950 |
Quoted to establish the government's stated intent behind the Group Areas Act. |
| Christopher (1994a) |
Hansard (House of Assembly Debates) 1961, vol. 107, col. 4173 |
1961 |
Quoted Verwoerd speech illustrating the government's isolationist attitude to the Afro-Asian bloc and the UN. |
| Christopher (1994b) |
Parliamentary debates (Hansard) quotations: Schoeman 1954, Malan 1950, Swart 1953, Verwoerd 1953, Malan 1954, Verwoerd 1959 |
1950-1959 |
Ministerial statements are quoted to establish the white-supremacist intent behind job reservation, group areas, separate amenities, Bantu education and partition. |
| Clark (1987) |
Hansard, House of Assembly Debates (21 Feb 1927; 23 May 1922) |
1922-1927 |
Quotes government rationale for Escom and Iscor as promoting industrialisation. |
| Clynick (1990) |
Parliamentary question by AP Swart and Mr Labuschagne MPs on Africans on the Trust, with SNA reply 27 July 1941 |
1941 |
Shows white farmer political pressure over African tenants moving to Trust farms. |
| Cobbett and Nakedi (1987) |
Parliamentary question to Deputy Minister Morrison on the Luckhoff removals |
c.1984-85 |
Shows the official justification for removing Luckhoff's black residents and the lack of criteria offered. |
| Cornell (1960) |
Parliamentary debate on the Natives (Abolition of Passes) Act, 1952 (statement by a Native Representative) |
1952 |
Source of the claim that one in ten Africans was imprisoned annually, mostly for pass offences. |
| Coupe (1990) |
House of Assembly Debates, 6-10 June 1955, pp. 7147-7259 |
1955 |
Cited for publicity about the Nationalist directors of Vekawerksklerefabriek. |
| Crankshaw (1990) |
Debates of the House of Assembly (Hansard), Volume 103, 1960 |
January-May 1960 |
Cited for craft unions calling on the state for protection by the end of the 1950s. |
| Davenport (1969) |
House of Assembly debates 1937 (Free State parliamentarian quoted) |
1937 |
Quoted to illustrate the non-consultation attitude in the 1937 debates. |
| Davenport (1969) |
Young and Barrett 1935 investigating committee of municipalities (as cited in H. of A. Debates, 1937, cols. 6112-5, speech by M. Alexander) |
1935; 1937 |
Evidence that municipalities were strongly opposed to the Stallard doctrine on the eve of 1937 legislation. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
1913 parliamentary Select Committee and House of Assembly Debates 1922 (Tielman Roos) |
1913, 1922 |
Quoted to show the dominant classes regarded unemployed poor whites as a threat to stability. |
| Davies et al. (1976) |
Hansard 1947, Column 5009 (Minister of Native Affairs) |
1947 |
Quoted to illustrate the United Party's contradictory labour policy. |
| Delius and Schirmer (2000) |
Parliamentary Assembly Debates 1945, 1946 and 1960 |
1945-1946; 1960 |
Used to show widespread parliamentary support for conservation, racial arguments about black tenants, and the 1960 shift toward large farms. |
| Devereux (2007) |
House of Assembly Debates (South Africa) 1965a, 1965b, 1973a, 1973b, 1973c |
1965-1973 |
Supplies ministerial and MP statements on racial differentials, de-urbanisation, the homelands policy, work disincentives, and the extension of pensions to Namibia. |
| Duncan (1993) |
House of Assembly Debates (Vol 34 1939; Vol 51 1945; Vol 61 1947) |
1939-1947 |
Nationalist and ministerial statements on cost of African welfare and health. |
| Edgecombe (1987) |
Parliamentary questions (Arthur Marwick) referenced in debates |
1937 |
Cited as prompting the decision to send Lugg to investigate the token system. |
| Ehlers (2007) |
Union of South Africa, Debates of the House of Assembly, Fourth Session, Sixth Parliament, 12.2.1932 |
1932 |
Cited for lobbying of parliamentary support by rural trust companies. |
| Feinberg (1993) |
Union of South Africa, House of Assembly, Debates, Third Session, First Parliament, January 24 - June 16, 1913 (Hansard) |
January-June 1913 |
Establishes the content of the Natives Land Bill debate, speakers' stated aims (segregation vs squatting vs labour), and members' references to Free State pressure. |
| Feinberg (1993) |
Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly, 1913 and Senate Debates, June 13, 1913 |
1913 |
Confirms motions, amendments and Senate remarks about the Bill. |
| Giliomee (1995) |
Transcript of TV interview with De Klerk, 14 May 1989, and House of Assembly Debates, 23 May 1989 |
May 1989 |
Documents De Klerk's view that a perpetual-opposition NP would be a death knell, so negotiations were only about power-sharing. |
| Giliomee (2003) |
House of Assembly Debates (HAD), 1944 (Malan and Sauer speeches, cols. 75, 6697-6699, 6713) |
1944 |
Documents the first parliamentary use of 'apartheid' and the paternalist/trusteeship content of Malan's and Sauer's defence of it. |
| Giliomee (2009) |
House of Assembly Debates, 1953 (Verwoerd's speech on Bantu Education, cols. 3585) |
1953 |
Documents Verwoerd's criticism of the earlier education policy as uneconomic and frustrating to educated blacks, and his call for education rooted in Bantu society. |
| Giliomee and Schlemmer (1985) |
House of Assembly Debates (1959 Verwoerd; 1978 Mulder) |
1959, 1978 |
Quotations establish the political purposes of separate development and denationalisation. |
| Gould (1981) |
Hansard 1976 (Minister of Justice on Internal Security Act) |
1976 |
Quotes the Minister to show the Act targets subversion generally, not only communists. |
| Hallett (1984) |
Parliamentary statement by Minister of Bantu Administration and Development, 14 May 1975 (as quoted by SPP) |
1975 |
Shows the official rationale of 'homeland consolidation' behind the Tsitsikama removal. |
| Hallett (1984) |
Statement by Minister of the Interior Dr T. E. Donges introducing the Group Areas Act, 1950 |
1950 |
Evidences the explicit white-supremacist intent behind the Group Areas Act. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980a) |
Hansard 3, question columns 205-210, 21 February 1975; Hansard 5, Q. cols. 415-6, 7 March 1975 |
1975 |
Sole source for strikes at Balgray Collieries and several other mines (De Aar, Boshof) not reported in the press, and for a 1975 Free State incident. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980a) |
House of Assembly Debates, Q. cols. 59-60, 14 February 1979 |
1979 |
Source for the economically active population of 9 440 000 used to size the mining workforce. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980b) |
Hansard 3, question columns 205-210, 21 February 1975 |
1975 |
Sole source for police intervention at Balgray Collieries and for several minor incidents (Copperton, Loxton, Boshof) in the tables. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980b) |
Hansard 5, Q. cols. 415-6, 7 March 1975 |
March 1975 |
Cited as a source for the March 1975 Hlobane/Northfield and Western Deep incidents in the Diary. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980b) |
House of Assembly Debates, Q. cols. 59-60, 14 February 1979 |
1979 |
Source for the economically active population figure of 9 440 000. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980c) |
House of Assembly Debates (Hansard 3), Q. cols. 205-210, 21 February 1975 |
21 February 1975 |
Sole source for some incidents (Balgray Collieries, Copperton, Loxton) not reported in the press. |
| Horner and Kooy (1980c) |
House of Assembly Debates, Q. cols. 59-60, 14 February 1979 |
14 February 1979 |
Gives the economically active population (9 440 000) as the denominator for mine employment. |
| Horrell (1968) |
Hansard (House of Assembly, Senate) 1967 parliamentary questions and debates |
1966-1967 |
Ministerial replies supply most statistics (classification, security detentions, banning, pass laws, education, pensions, housing) and the debates on Acts. |
| Horrell (1970) |
Hansard (House of Assembly) debates, 1969 (no confidence debate, Votes, questions and replies) |
1968-1969 |
Supplies ministerial statements on policy, security statistics, detentions and deaths in detention that the Survey reports. |
| Horrell (1970) |
Hansard 1 col. 92 (Minister of the Interior on Coloured voter eligibility, 4 February) |
1969 |
Provides the numbers of Coloured men and women eligible to register for the Coloured Persons' Representative Council elections. |
| Horrell (1970) |
Minister of Justice replies, Assembly 27 May 1969, Hansard 16 col. 6681 (security law convictions 1968) |
1968 |
Gives convictions under security laws in 1968, by race. |
| Horrell et al. (1972) |
Hansard (House of Assembly) questions and replies, 1971 |
1971 session |
Principal source for statistics on reclassification, Immorality Act charges, banning, passports, removals, labour, education, welfare and housing. |
| Houghton and Dagut (1973) |
Hansard: House of Assembly Debates 1924, 1925, 1927, 1969 |
1924-1969 |
Used for the Governor-General's speech, the civilized-labour definition, the protection debate, the ISCOR Bill and the 1969 petroleum gas announcement. |
| Hyslop (1987) |
Hansard vol. 82-3 (1953), Verwoerd's 1953 parliamentary speeches on Bantu Education |
1953 |
Establishes Verwoerd's stated aim of black 'co-responsibility' for control and finance of education, the hegemonic design behind the boards. |
| Kantor and Kenny (1976) |
Debate on the 1958 Native Taxation Bill (Hansard), as quoted by Legassick |
1958 |
Quoted to show that the state recognised the burden of urban services on the state rather than employers, undermining the thesis that the state serves capital. |
| Keegan (1985) |
House of Assembly Debates, 18 February 1913 |
1913 |
Source for the figure that 78 farms were bought by blacks in the Transvaal in 1910-12. |
| Kerby (2016a) |
Parliamentary Hansard (various: 1972, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1986) |
1972-1986 |
Quoted for policy intentions of ministers (anchoring Africans, labour-intensive industry, incentive generosity) and parliamentary debates on decentralisation and Taiwan productivity. |
| Kerby (2016b) |
South African Parliamentary Hansard (1972, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1986) |
1972-1986 |
Ministerial and MP statements on decentralisation aims, incentives increase and Taiwan productivity comparisons. |
| Korf (2010) |
Hansard (House of Assembly debates), e.g. 31 May 1950 cols 7938-7946; 26 May 1952 |
1924-1953 |
Used for Malan's account of the Graaff-Reinet residential segregation scheme and Suppression of Communism debate. |
| Legassick (1974) |
Hansard: House of Assembly Debates (HAD) and Senate Debates, 1947-1971 |
1947-1971 |
Main source of ministerial statements (Malan, Verwoerd, Vorster, Jansen, Ministers of Labour and Finance) that trace Nationalist policy and ideology on job colour bars, migrancy, taxation, resettlement and decentralization. |
| Lumby (1974) |
Hansard 1914-1939 and Cape Times reports of debates |
1914-1939 |
Ministers' statements on revenue vs protection, imprint bill, and tariff rationale. |
| Mabin (1992) |
Group Areas Bill debates and Donges's citations; Votes and Proceedings of the Cape Provincial Council, July 1940 |
1940, 1950 |
Shows defeat of the Cape segregation ordinance and Donges's later reliance on Cape demands. |
| Mabin (1992) |
Hansard, House of Assembly, Vol. 33 (1939) |
1939 |
Documents Hertzog's and Stuttaford's 1939 proposals for servitude-based segregation. |
| Major (2005) |
Parliamentary speech of Minister of Labour Ben Schoeman on the 1953 bill |
1953 |
Shows the government's intent that African workers would have no incentive to organise. |
| Maree (1985) |
Hansard (7 June 1979), column 8031; Minister of Labour statement; 1953 Minister of Labour statement quoted via Horner |
1953, 1979 |
Shows the state's concern about union involvement in politics as part of explaining the 1979 recognition policy. |
| Mariotti (2008) |
Hansard (as quoted in SAIRR Annual Report 1972) |
c.1972 |
Minister of Finance statement used to show government remained committed to apartheid while allowing job reservation concessions. |
| McGrath and Simkins (1985) |
Hansard 1984, No. 12, Col. 5356 |
1984 |
Cited to show the Prime Minister referred approvingly to Simkins's simulations. |
| McNamara (1985) |
Hansard, No. 5, Column 1969, 5 March 1975 |
1975 |
Cited for parliamentary concern about the new intensity of mine riots. |
| Mohamed (1991) |
Parliamentary reply by the Minister on 1987 apprentices |
1987 |
Noted as an alternative figure (127 new apprentices in 1987) contradicting the Manpower official figure. |
| Nattrass (1976a) |
Hansard, House of Assembly, 5 March 1971 (Minister of Bantu Affairs reply), via Survey of Race Relations 1971 |
1971 |
Source for the distribution of foreign African migrants by industry (Table A7 column F). |
| Nattrass (1976b) |
Reply by the Minister of Bantu Affairs, House of Assembly, 5 March 1971 (Hansard cols. 5,384-386), via SAIRR Survey of Race Relations 1971 |
1971 |
Supplies the industrial distribution of foreign African migrants in Table 6. |
| Nattrass (1976c) |
Minister of Bantu Affairs reply in House of Assembly, 5 March 1971, Hansard cols 5384-386, quoted in SAIRR Survey of Race Relations 1971 |
1971 |
Provides the industrial distribution of foreign African migrants in Table 6. |
| Nattrass (1990) |
Hansard, Budget Speeches (vol.66 1949, vol.78 1952, vol.84 1954) |
1949-1954 |
Used for Minister Havenga's statements on inflation, austerity, deflation and distrust of refugee capital. |
| Nielsen (1922) |
General Smuts's speech introducing the Native Affairs Bill in the Union Parliament, May 1920 |
May 1920 |
Cited to show that territorial separation was now law and that pass laws were condemned. |
| O'Meara (1977) |
House of Assembly Debates, 1935 (Dr Bremner) and 1940-1 (Malan on Ossewa Brandwag membership) |
1935; 1940-41 |
Cited for Gesuiwerde critique of capitalism and for Malan's claim of Ossewa Brandwag membership. |
| O'Meara (1978) |
House of Assembly Debates (HAD) 1938, 1942, 1956, 1958 |
1938-1958 |
Cited for Spoorbond's history, Schoeman's views on abolishing collective bargaining and the later fate of the BWBB. |
| Posel (1990b) |
Hansard (HAD 1952, 1956, 1976) and Senate Debates 1967 |
1952-1976 |
Used for NAD policy statements, Verwoerd's refusal on Tomlinson funding, M.C. Botha's statements on homeland citizenship. |
| Posel (2011) |
House of Assembly Debates, 17 March 1967 |
1967 |
Minister of the Interior's statement that race classification rests on social judgement. |
| Posel (2011) |
House of Assembly Debates, 1961, vol. 107 |
1961 |
Verwoerd's statement that the homeland policy departed from original intentions. |
| Price (1953) |
Party strengths in the House of Assembly at dissolution, February 1953 |
1943-1953 |
Shows the shift in Government and Opposition majorities across 1943, 1948 and 1953. |
| Savage (1984) |
House of Assembly Debates, question columns (1980/1 to 1982 pass law prosecutions, arrests in urban centres, women arrests, Cape Town deportations) |
1955-1983 |
Supplies post-1980 national prosecution figures and the 1974-82 arrests in 11 urban centres, and parliamentary evidence of endorsements out and deportations. |
| Savage (1986) |
House of Assembly Debates: annual answers by the Minister of Law and Order and the Minister of Cooperation and Development |
after 1980 (also 1955, 1962 answers on endorsements) |
Supplies pass law prosecution figures after 1980, when police reports ceased to give them, and indicates summary endorsements. |
| Schirmer (1995) |
House of Assembly Debates, 1925 (Nieuwenhuize) and 17 March 1932 |
1925, 1932 |
Shows farmers' low profit margins and the labour shortage in Lydenburg. |
| Schirmer (1999) |
Union of South Africa, Assembly Debates, 12 May 1960 |
1960 |
Cited for the growing state bias against land sub-divisions. |
| Schirmer (2004) |
Union of South Africa Assembly Debates, 12 May 1960 |
1960 |
Cited for the growing state bias against small farms and subdivision. |
| Schneider (2000) |
Parliamentary debate on tariff policy (M. Kentridge, quoted in Botha 1973) |
1925 |
Illustrates that white employment was an explicit goal of the 1925 tariff. |
| Seekings (1990) |
Hansard, Questions and Replies (Q&R), 1983-1985 |
1983-1985 |
Gives the Deputy-Minister's denial of promises, numbers of new houses built, township population and rented-house proportion, and ERAB capital allocation. |
| Simons (1956) |
Senator Verwoerd's estimate of the number of pass-type documents Africans must carry |
c.1950s |
Used as a reliable figure for the number of documents Africans must carry (27 or 28). |
| Simons (1956) |
Verwoerd statements to the Assembly/House of Assembly (April 1950, June 1952) and on the 1952 amendment |
1950-1952 |
Quoted to show government intent on freedom of movement and the farm-versus-city relationship. |
| Simons (1956) |
Verwoerd's 1952 admission of departmental expenditure on pass clerks' salaries and forms |
1952 |
Quantifies part of the administrative cost of the pass system. |
| Spandau (1972) |
House of Assembly Debates (Hansard), No. 13, 1972, cols. 6653-6655 |
1972 |
Minister of Labour's statement to show broader labour policy beyond the Wage Board is restrictive. |
| Spandau (1980a) |
Hansard (House of Assembly Debates), Questions and Replies, 22 February 1977, Qu. 7 |
1977 |
Documents the Minister's statement that an enquiry into capital-intensity would be made, supporting the claim of no settled policy. |
| Spandau (1980b) |
Hansard (House of Assembly Debates), Questions and Replies, 22 February 1977, Qu. 7, pp. 422-23 |
1977 |
Documents the Minister of Economic Affairs' statement of concern about rising capital-intensity and a promised enquiry. |
| Stemmet (2002) |
Hansard, 8th Parliament of South Africa (1985-1987 debates) |
1985-1987 |
Listed as primary source for parliamentary statements on security and emergencies. |
| Van Schoor (1986) |
Speech by J.C. Smuts, House of Assembly, 13/3/45 |
1945 |
Shows cross-party consensus on maintaining white supremacy. |
| Van Vuuren (2006) |
Hansard (Parliamentary statements, e.g. 8 December 1980; PFP MP Malcomess on oil suppliers) |
1980-1984 |
Used for allegations of corruption in oil purchasing and secrecy. |
| Venter (1979) |
Parliamentary budget vote statement by Prime Minister Vorster on the land question |
1978 |
Used to show South Africa's stated position that it has fulfilled its land undertakings. |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates (HAD) quoting a minister's speech on the Western Province as the area for apartheid policy |
unclear (cited text truncated) |
Shows the government regarded the Western Province as the area where apartheid could be implemented with greatest ease. |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates (Hansard), No. 4, 1981, cols 230-1 (Koornhof on illegal black population of greater Cape Town) |
August 1981 |
Supplies the minister's admission that 85,436 of an estimated 199,600 blacks in the area were illegally present (42%). |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates 1981 (Nos. 3, 4, 5) and 1979 (No. 6, No. 7): pass arrest figures for major centres and Cape Peninsula |
1978-1981 (Jan-June) |
Parliamentary replies give arrest totals and women's arrests, from which Tables 3 and 4 are compiled to show the Cape's rising share. |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates, No. 4, 1981, col. 156 (qualifications of Commissioners and prosecutors) |
1981 |
Establishes the limited legal qualifications of Commissioners and prosecutors in the pass courts. |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates, No. 6, 1979 and No. 7 and 1981 replies on influx control fines, Cape Peninsula |
1978, 1979, 1981 (Jan-June) |
Provides fines paid to the Administration Board by employers and individuals, used to estimate share of arrestees imprisoned for non-payment. |
| West (1982) |
House of Assembly Debates, No. 7, 1981, cols 406-7 and 390-1, 395 (Nyanga arrests and deportations) |
August-September 1981 |
Gives the number arrested (1,472) in the August 1981 raids and the numbers deported to the Transkei. |
| White (1990) |
Parliamentary debate on the Separate Representation of Voters' Bill, May 1951 (via African World) |
May 1951 |
Shows government attacks on the United South Africa Trust Fund as 'organised money power' and Oppenheimer's reply. |
| Wilkins and Strydom (1978) |
Hansard, House of Assembly debate, March 21 1945 (Broederbond and civil servants) |
1945 |
Quoted for Smuts's case against the Broederbond and the Nationalists' replies. |
| Wilkins and Strydom (1978) |
Hansard, January 25 1946 and Senate debate June 13 1950 |
1946-1950 |
Used for the Marshall Clark retirement affair and parliamentary criticism of Broederbond influence. |