| (ed.) et al. (1983) |
Nyanga East squatter sample survey (routine questions by Advice Office interviewers) |
July-September 1981 |
Gives profile of length of residence, legal status, employment, origins, marital status and children of the squatters (Tables 1-12). |
| (organiser) et al. (2008) |
Author's accounts of Congolese infrastructure projects (Inga I/II, Maluku steelworks, Kimpese cement, Inga-Shaba line, Gécamines expansion) |
1960s-2007 |
Project-by-project narrative of irregularities is offered as grounds for cancelling Congolese debt. |
| Africa (1976) |
Survey by the Division of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, 1968; J.J. Bruwer figures |
1968 |
Shows that few African tractor operators had formal training and that most workers on machines were untrained. |
| Anderson et al. (2001) |
Guguletu High School Study (1998) |
1998 |
Retrospective schooling histories used to document grade repetition and delay by grade (Table 2) and the link between age and matric scores and between parental schooling and child schooling. |
| Atkinson (2007) |
Free State civil society organisation study (Anja Benseler) |
2002 |
Assesses the scale and capacity of NGOs serving farm workers after the Rural Foundation closed. |
| Atkinson (2007) |
HSRC 2003 survey of 64 farmers and 64 farm workers in nine localities, Free State and Northern Cape (Atkinson 2003, 'Life on the farm') |
2002-2003 |
Provides evidence on paternalism, residence preferences, training, wages, services and farm ownership ambitions of farmers and workers. |
| Atkinson (2007) |
Heunis (1993) Bloemfontein-area farm labour survey (24 farms) |
1993 |
Data on contracts, wages, workers' councils and anticipated minimum-wage retrenchments. |
| Atkinson (2007) |
Nkuzi Development Association and Social Surveys (2005) National Evictions Survey |
1994-2004 |
Estimates of evictions versus land reform beneficiaries (Table 4.1). |
| Atkinson (2007) |
Robertson (1988) MSc thesis survey of farm labour, Lions River, Lower Tugela, Elliot (1987) |
1987 |
Data on reasons for staying/leaving, wage variation, and farmer responses to minimum wages. |
| Baldwin (1975) |
Unpublished survey from Charles Johnson Memorial Hospital, Nqutu |
c.1970s |
Shows the migratization of reserve-based labour among 517 families, most breadwinners working far away. |
| Bell (1973) |
Author's questionnaire survey of East London firms, 1961 |
1961 |
Impression that substantial firms would relocate if possible. |
| Best (1971) |
Field questionnaires and unpublished municipal office data, Brits, Mafeking, Rustenburg (Table 4) |
August 1969 |
Gives employment percentages by industry and race, used to show industry is minor except in Brits. |
| Bromberger (1978) |
Farm labour studies: Evans (1976) Viljoenskroon; van der Vliet and Bromberger (1977) Albany district |
1970s |
Evidence of female casual farm workers having as much work as they want or reducing work, offered as indications of voluntary non-work. |
| Bromberger (1978) |
Maree and Cornell (1978) Crossroads squatter sample survey; Maree (1977); Desmond (1978) Limehill |
1977-1978 |
Evidence on informal sector involvement (about 10% of economically active males) and unemployment in resettlement and squatter areas. |
| Bromberger (1978) |
Small-scale unemployment surveys: Market Research Africa (1977) African Omnireef Unemployment Study; Loots (1978); Simkins (1978c) urban and rural surveys |
1976-1978 |
Provide evidence on age, education, migrant status, support and local unemployment rates (16%-42%). |
| Budlender (1984) |
Author's case study of a Kirkwood citrus farm (farmer interview/farm study) |
c. 1969-early 1980s |
Describes the shift from flood to microjet irrigation, labour reduction and growing reliance on female labour on one farm. |
| Budlender (1984) |
Nelson, J. 'A Survey of Technical Change and Employment in the South African Cane Industry', BSc Agric. Economics, Univ. of Natal, 1983 (unpublished), interviews with 108 farmers |
1972-1982 |
Primary data for the sugar case study on mechanisation by process and the labour-market explanation of changing technique. |
| Budlender (1984) |
Scharf (Wilfred) researcher information and findings on seven Stellenbosch wine farms |
1940s-1983 |
Basis of third case study on irrigation, chemical weeding, trellis vines and labour composition on seven wine farms. |
| Cobbe (1986) |
Basic Agricultural Services Programme surveys 1979/80 (Winch, Agri-Economic Farm Situation in the Lowlands and Foothills of Lesotho, 1981; via Cobbe 1982) |
1979/80 |
Shows average crop output of M85-130 per year, so agriculture cannot sustain households. |
| Cobbe (1986) |
Cobbe, 'Modeling a Labour-Reserve Economy: Lesotho' (ASA 1984) multiplier estimates |
1984 |
Provides a crude 1.25-1.85 multiplier on migrant earnings used to estimate income loss from migrant reductions. |
| Crush (1989b) |
Leger and Mothibeli, 'South African Gold Miners' Perceptions of Safety 1984 to 1987', Mine Safety and Health Congress paper |
1984-1987 |
Cited for claim that union existence has curbed arbitrary discipline by white bosses underground. |
| Crush (1992) |
Author's fieldwork at rural Natal recruiting offices, April 1984 |
April 1984 |
Shows blue letters still in use after the Chamber officially withdrew the TEBA 463 card. |
| Crush and James (1995a) |
Pathaut study autopsy data, National Centre for Occupational Health, 1975-1991 |
1975-1991 |
Autopsy data linking years of service to TB prevalence. |
| Crush and James (1995a) |
Payze focus-group interviews in three mine hostels (1992-93) for Goldstone Commission |
1992-1993 |
Qualitative evidence on hostel conditions and residents' accommodation preferences. |
| Crush and Namasasu (1985) |
Authors' 1980 survey of four Basotho villages |
1980-1981 |
Establishes household participation in Tree Planting Day, fuel use, fuel gathering time and attitudes toward woodlots. |
| Crush and Namasasu (1985) |
Gay (1978) domestic fuel sources survey and Best (1978) three-village energy study |
c. 1975-1978 |
Provide seasonal dung use and woman-hours of fuel collection for comparison with the authors' survey. |
| Crush and Wellings (1983) |
M. Mphuthing, 'Prostitution in Lesotho', National University of Lesotho, Roma, 1980 |
1980 |
Study of 40 prostitutes used to describe social conditions of vice associated with tourism. |
| De Klerk (1990) |
South African Agricultural Union (SAAU) 1983 financial survey of farmers, 'Die Finansieele Posisie van Boere in die R.S.A.' (1984) |
1970-1984 (survey 1983) |
Provides liquidity and current ratios, debt-burden and critical-debt thresholds, numbers of farmers in financial distress, non-farm investment and part-time farming shares. |
| Dubb (2012) |
Author's survey of SSG homesteads in Madwaleni and Shikishela wards (Mpukunyoni), 2010-2012 |
2010-2012 |
Establishes the socio-economic profile, asset quartiles, land, income-source and credit-uptake patterns of SSG homesteads. |
| Evans (1997) |
Socio-economic housing surveys by municipal NEADs (Johannesburg 1950, Springs/Benoni 1951) and Johannesburg NEAD survey of Western Areas |
1950–1953 |
Used as evidence of the 'scientific' categorization of Africans on which housing policy relied. |
| Freund (1987b) |
Surveys of white and black opinion relied on by Lipton |
1970s-1980s |
Freund treats them as probably accurate on white attitudes but very dubious on black views, and as proof only of support for cautious change. |
| Giliomee and Schlemmer (1985) |
Area studies of five homelands (Transkei, Ciskei, KwaZulu, Bophuthatswana, Venda) and homeland national accounts |
1960s-1981 |
Documents GDP and GNI growth, dependence on outside earnings, unemployment and urban-rural gaps. |
| Giliomee and Schlemmer (1985) |
KwaZulu rural survey of eight districts (n=320) and Transkei research (Haines et al. 1984) |
c.1983-4 |
Shows payments for land, pensions and dues to chiefs and indunas and low community participation. |
| Greenberg (1983) |
Free Market Foundation surveys among Africans (as reported) |
c. 1980 |
Reported as showing African partiality to 'Marxist rhetoric', prompting a market-based counter-idiom. |
| Greenberg (1987) |
Aninka Claasen, Field Research Report and interview documents (Mapumulo offices) |
not stated |
Supports reports of ending labour recruiting in KwaZulu districts and of the rush of work-seekers at recruiters' announcements. |
| Hallett (1984) |
Richmond Farm survey (27 per cent sample) by Diakonia and Black Sash |
c.1979 |
Establishes the residence length, employment and urban tenure of squatter families, reported via SPP Vol 4. |
| Harvey (1974) |
Author's survey/interviews of eleven British firms in South Africa and London, 1972-73 |
1972-1973 |
Underpins most claims on wages, mechanization, migrant labour, white labour supply, black promotion and profitability among British firms. |
| Harvey (1974) |
Productivity and Wages Association survey for UKSATA, quoted in Guardian, 14 March 1973 |
1973 |
Evidence that firms' belief in their beneficial role is largely unfounded, flagged as of doubtful value. |
| Hirschsohn (1998) |
Author's doctoral research: clothing and auto industry case studies (MIT PhD) |
unclear |
The article does not draw explicitly on this fieldwork; it is mentioned only in the author biography as the basis of his dissertation. |
| Hoffman and Todd (2000) |
Roux (1990) veld condition survey of farmers, extension officers and range scientists |
1990 |
Prior survey showing extension officers' veld scores lie between farmers' and range scientists', supporting rater reliability. |
| Horrell (1968) |
Author's own calculations from official lists and tables (listed/banned persons, criminal statistics) |
1966-1967 |
Counts listed and banned persons by race as at 7 December 1967. |
| Horrell (1970) |
Port Elizabeth church survey of Coloured attitudes (reported in Star, 27 September) |
1969 |
Survey results of just under 200 respondents used to describe Coloured attitudes to apartheid and parties. |
| Horrell et al. (1972) |
M. L. Edelstein survey of 200 Soweto matriculation pupils (published Sunday Times, 11 Sept 1971) |
1970 |
Used to describe African youth attitudes to race, government and education. |
| Horrell et al. (1972) |
SAIRR-commissioned socio-economic studies: Cleary (Port Elizabeth municipal Director of Housing) report; Roux & St Leger, Grahamstown: Fingo Village; Whisson & Weil, Domestic Servants; Maasdorp & Pillay, The East Rand Indian Community |
1969-1971 |
Provides poverty and wage levels for Coloured, African and Indian households. |
| Horrell et al. (1972) |
World newspaper pilot poll of African opinion (Worrall and Bertelsman questionnaire), Nov 1970 |
November 1970 |
Illustrates African elite attitudes. |
| Houghton and Dagut (1973) |
Macmillan's samples: Grahamstown 1915, a Karroo congregation, Johannesburg Public Relief Board/Rand Aid records |
1915-1919 |
Tests the official 1917 estimate of 106,518 poor whites with local samples. |
| Inman and Rubinfeld (2008) |
Author's Data Appendix for Table 3 (demographics, incomes, teacher training years, salaries, m, Z) |
c. 1994-2001 |
Underlies the calibration of the elite and majority populations, incomes, teacher training years, the common salary S and the trained-provider share m. |
| Johnson (1982) |
Author's social survey of Umtata whites, early 1978 (100 respondents, random stratified, questionnaires) |
early 1978 |
Shows white residents' attitudes to desegregated schooling and links them to apartheid myths and the preservation of status. |
| Katzen (1974) |
Bell's sample survey of businessmen's evaluation of chosen industrial sites |
c.1960s-1970s (not stated) |
Tests whether entrepreneurs make poor location decisions; finds more perceived siting mistakes in rural and border areas. |
| Keegan (1986) |
Keegan, Rural Transformations in Industrialising South Africa (1986) and related articles (author's prior research) |
1850-1950s |
Fuller documentation of the sharecropping, accumulation and capital claims is delegated to the author's earlier book and articles. |
| Kirsten et al. (2007) |
Authors' spreadsheet of NRA, RRA and CTE estimates (Anderson et al. 2007/2008 methodology) |
1961-2005 |
Basis for all NRA, RRA and CTE figures, tables and figures presented. |
| Knight (1976b) |
Maree and de Vos survey of four districts of Ciskei and Transkei, 1965 and 1968 |
1965, 1968 |
Only sample survey of Homeland unemployment and underemployment; yields rates over 20%. |
| Knight (1976b) |
Redelinghuys, HSRC 1974 study of Tswana work-seekers at labour bureaux, 1971/2 |
1971/2 |
Evidence on factors determining length of unemployment between contracts. |
| Kraak (1995) |
Kraak (1991a) study of enterprise training courses (e.g. the '6-M' course) |
c.1991 |
Author's own study used to claim employers seek ideological and social skills over technical competence and train workers toward free-market values. |
| Kraak (1995) |
NTB/HSRC (1985) survey of employer apprenticeship recruitment, Investigation into the Training of Artisans in South Africa |
1985 |
Table 4 reports the share of employers using each recruitment method, taken as evidence of reliance on local/employee-network recruitment that favours Whites. |
| Lemon (1982) |
PFP commissioned poll, late 1980 |
late 1980 |
Cited as showing white discontent with government economic performance, shaping PFP's 'bread and butter' campaign. |
| Lemon (1995) |
Survey of nine secondary schools in Harare (carried out by Paul Chatterton) |
c. 1991 |
Gives data on levies, catchment areas, class sizes, teacher:pupil ratios and GCE pass rates used to show persisting inequalities in Zimbabwean schools. |
| Lewis (1984a) |
Henderson survey of 16 families in Victoria East, 1929 (reported in D. Wilson, South African Outlook, 1931) |
1929 |
Corroborates the grain consumption estimate for a family. |
| Malherbe and Segal (2001a) |
Fieldwork and research by Robin Lee and Paul Semark (not otherwise described) |
1999-2000 |
Unspecified fieldwork underpinning the study; nature and extent are not described. |
| Maller (1994) |
Volkswagen South Africa (Uitenhage) case study: interviews, worker survey responses, and analysis of JUMEC meetings |
c. 1990-1992 (not stated precisely) |
Establishes how NUMSA shop stewards combine opposition and participation through joint committees and shop-floor communication. |
| Maree (1985) |
Author's primary-source research for Ph.D. thesis (UCT) on the independent unions |
1970s |
Underlies the narrative of the origins, strategies, setbacks and recovery of the independent unions in the 1970s; references omitted. |
| Massey (1983) |
Author's interviews with 123 Botswana mineworkers, 1977 |
1977 |
Interview sample supporting the claim that miners attribute disturbances to low wages and see whites and owners as main beneficiaries. |
| Mazower (1990) |
Farm Labour Advisory Board, Tabulated Results of Questionnaires (1\HWK 3\2\2\1 2\16\5) |
c.1941-1942 |
Used to estimate share of kraalheads obliged to work in Lions River. |
| McGrath et al. (2004a) |
World Bank/Greater Johannesburg surveys (Chandra et al. 2000a, 2000b), BMR (Martins & Van Wyk 2002), P-E Corporate Services (2001) |
1999–2002 |
Compared in Tables 7 and 9 to estimate aggregate training rates (20-30 per cent) and mode of training. |
| McIntyre et al. (1995) |
Blecher and McIntyre (1994) research expenditure; Bunting (1994) training expenditure (HER Technical Papers 6 and 7) |
1991/92-1992 |
Estimate health research and health personnel training expenditure to complete the national expenditure total. |
| Murray (1980) |
Ashton (1946) and Sheddick (1948) surveys of Southern Sotho wards; Sheddick, Land Tenure in Basutoland (HMSO 1954) |
1940s |
Cited as comparative ward studies modelled on Schapera; Sheddick's explanation of child-rearing by grandparents is rejected. |
| Murray (1980) |
Kooijman, Social and Economic Change in a Tswana Village (Bokaa), 1978 |
1970s |
Supports the claim that paternal and maternal kin merge into a single kindred in outlying Tswana communities. |
| Murray (1980) |
Murray's Lesotho household sample, 1974 (150 households), 'Keeping House in Lesotho', Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge 1976 |
1974 |
Shows the prevalence of three-generation households and links through women versus men, and the persistence of agnatic residential alignments. |
| Murray (1987) |
Robertson's fieldwork and case-study data on African share contracts (Lesotho, Ghana, Sudan, Senegambia) |
to 1980s |
Detailed comparative investigation of specific share contracts underpins his argument on flexibility of share-cropping. |
| Nattrass (1977) |
G. Lenta, 'The Economic Structure of KwaZulu' (unpublished PhD thesis, Natal, 1977), township informal sector survey |
1975 |
Small impressionistic survey illustrating the composition of the informal sector (food and liquor trading). |
| Nattrass and Seekings (2012a) |
Nattrass and Seekings (2012), Differentiation within the South African Clothing Industry (CSSR working paper) |
c. 2012 |
Companion study cited for the claims that party firms are more capital/skill-intensive and that retailers import cheap clothing. |
| Phakathi (2012) |
Phakathi (2011) DPhil thesis, University of Oxford: ethnographic study of worker responses to work reorganisation |
c. 2011 |
Cited, not used directly, for the finding that post-apartheid consent to new work practices can embody soft-touch coercion. |
| Pogue (2006) |
Dobreva et al. (2005) plastics industry study and structured interviews, Ekurhuleni |
2005 |
Contemporary illustration of lack of collaboration in the concluding chapter. |
| Poswa (1994) |
Khangela Brewery case study (author's 1991-1992 study of worker participation initiatives; Poswa 1993 unpublished dissertation, University of Natal Durban) |
1991-1992 |
Supplies the paper's only primary evidence on workers' perceptions of participation schemes and their propensity to participate, and supports the claim that participation extends managerial control. |
| Sato (2012) |
Todes and Krone [1990], The Case for a Landed Development Strategy for Weenen Households Affected by Removals (survey of 70 households, Mngwenya valley, 1989) |
1989 |
Supplies household survey findings on multiple income sources and livestock holdings, supporting the livelihoods argument. |
| Schmidt (1975) |
Schmidt, Ph.D. dissertation, 'The South African Regional System: political independence in an interacting space economy' (UNISA, 1974) |
1974 |
Referred to as the author's underlying empirical analysis for the claim that black cultural transformation in the white core cannot be prevented. |
| Sharp and West (1984) |
West 1984 and Sharp 1984 Carnegie conference papers; West 1971 |
1971-1984 |
Based on fieldwork, these support claims about tied company housing, squatting, and the impoverishment of reserve dwellers. |
| Siebert (1987b) |
W. S. Siebert (1975), The Relative Pay of White and Non-White Workers in South Africa, unpublished PhD thesis, LSE |
post-war to 1975 |
Cited for details on mobility restrictions and Wage Board behaviour in 1961/2. |
| Simkins (1981) |
Fox and Back 1937 preliminary survey of Ciskei and Transkei agriculture and nutrition |
1937 |
One of four sources of herd-size distribution data for the cattle ownership analysis. |
| Simkins (n.d.) |
Graaff field work on homeland settlement types |
Not specified |
Named as the fieldwork needed to separate peri-urban, dense settlement and rural population inside the homelands. |
| Simkins and Van Heyningen (1989) |
Simkins doctoral thesis on demographic base for black South Africans since 1960 (University of Natal, 1984) |
1970s |
Supports claim that 1970s extra-marital fertility was about half of marital fertility. |
| Sitas et al. (1984) |
Author survey of 14 major Durban manufacturers, 1974-78 and 1979-83 (C. Shaw, semi-structured questionnaire) |
1974-1983 |
Establishes patterns of retrenchment, rationalisation, takeovers, short-time and managerial attitudes in the downswings. |
| Sitas et al. (1984) |
Natal Regional Survey: The African Factory Worker (University of Natal, 1946 study; published 1950) |
1946 |
Shows Dunlop's best-paid African workers suffered malnutrition, low wages and poor housing. |
| Spandau (1980b) |
Spandau, Labour Research Report No. 22, Dept of Business Economics, University of the Witwatersrand, September 1979 (projection model for gold mines 1978-1995) |
1978-1995 |
Source of the projected shift of gold mine employees from unskilled to semi-skilled ranks. |
| Stavrou (1988) |
Stavrou (1987) Natal Midlands employment and migration survey |
1986 |
Provides findings on labour shortages, the labourer-to-tractor ratio, dependency ratio and skill composition. |
| Steward (2004b) |
Opinion surveys of black South African attitudes to sanctions (unnamed) |
1980s (unspecified) |
Asserts that a sizable majority of black South Africans opposed sanctions. |
| Swilling (1987) |
Author's own unpublished research and fieldwork (MA dissertation on the Eastern Cape, 1979-1986; research papers) |
1979-1986 |
Forthcoming dissertation cited as the place where the Eastern Cape claims will be substantiated. |
| Switzer (1990) |
Content-analysis coding of the Imvo sample (Nxumalo 1984 Rhodes University honours study, recoded by the author) |
sample drawn from 1919-1929 |
Supplies the item counts and percentages in Figure 1 and Tables 1-3 (368 items in seven categories, reclassified into three). |
| Taylor (1990) |
Taylor 1982b PhD thesis data on 1976 contract length (ten months away, seven at home) |
1976 |
Baseline for comparing average contract and home-leave length in 1976 with 1985. |
| Venter et al. (2000) |
Scottish Law Commission survey of house owners in housing estates; Law Reform Commission of Western Australia Report on Restrictive Covenants (1997) |
1997-2000 |
Reported consultation results indicate public support for retaining covenants. |
| Vink et al. (2012) |
Van Niekerk et al. (2011), views of Eastern Cape smallholder farmers on extension |
2011 |
Evidence of present-day smallholder views and the breakdown of extension and support services in former homelands. |
| Wessels (2011) |
Department of Agriculture helicopter and field verification visits (2008) |
2008 |
Informal validation of the satellite degradation product, with positive results in some areas and conflicting results in others. |
| Wilkins and Strydom (1978) |
Broederbond membership lists compiled by the authors (Appendix 1 and Appendix 2) |
c.1962-1978 |
Names, ages, occupations and branch data used to identify members in government, business, education and security services. |
| Wittenberg (2003a) |
Wittenberg and McIntosh (1992) Local Government Policy Project report; author's participation as UDF Secretary |
1992 |
Earlier unpublished material underpinning the sections on pre-1994 decentralisation, RDACs, NCM, and the Pietermaritzburg case study. |
| Wotshela (2004) |
Author's doctoral thesis, 'Homeland Consolidation, Resettlement and Local Politics in the Border and the Ciskei Region', DPhil Oxford 2001 |
1960-1996 |
Underlies the article's main arguments and is cited for most narrative and archival detail. |