Bibliography

Every work cited in the book’s thirty-seven chapters, from African institutions and scholars to the IMF, the World Bank and the academic literature.

One alphabetical list. Everything cited in the text resolves here. A bracketed [Ch. N] names the chapter or chapters that cite the entry. No page numbers are guessed. The year on an entry is the year of the document, and a letter after the year distinguishes two works by the same author in that year. The release and the year of every statistical series the book quotes are listed on the About the data page.

• Abebe, Girum, Stefano Caria, Marcel Fafchamps, Paolo Falco, Simon Franklin, and Simon Quinn. “Anonymity or Distance? Job Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing African City.” Review of Economic Studies 88, no. 3 (2021): 1279–1310. [Ch. 15, 29]
• Abel, Martin, Rulof Burger, and Patrizio Piraino. “The Value of Reference Letters: Experimental Evidence from South Africa.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, no. 3 (2020): 40–71. [Ch. 25]
• Abiye, Yonas. “Open for Business.” The Reporter (Addis Ababa), 16 July 2016. [Ch. 29]
• Abuya, Benta A., Kassahun Admassu, Moses Ngware, Elijah O. Onsomu, and Moses Oketch. “Free Primary Education and Implementation in Kenya: The Role of Primary School Teachers in Addressing the Policy Gap.” SAGE Open 5, no. 1 (2015). [Ch. 20]
• Access Now. Resilience and Resistance: Internet Shutdowns in Africa in 2025. #KeepItOn coalition annual report. New York: Access Now, 2026. [Ch. 17]
• Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (2019): 3–30. [Ch. 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 20, 21, 32, 37]
• Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” In Dani Rodrik, ed., In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth, 80–119. Princeton University Press, 2003. [Ch. 5, 9]
• Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, no. 4 (2002): 1231–1294. [Ch. 3]
• Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91, no. 5 (2001): 1369–1401. [Ch. 3, 5]
• Acemoglu, Daron. “The Simple Macroeconomics of AI.” Economic Policy 40, no. 121 (2025): 13–58. [Ch. 1, 4, 35]
• ACWA Power. ACWA Power Expands Its Renewable Footprint in Africa and Reaffirms as Leading Investor in the Continent. Press release. Riyadh: ACWA Power, 27 October 2024. [Ch. 14, 33]
• Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone (APSEZ). Concession Agreement for Container Terminal 2, Dar es Salaam Port: exchange intimation APSEZL/SECT/2024-25/26, 31 May 2024, on East Africa Gateway Limited and TICTS. Ahmedabad: APSEZ, 2024. [Ch. 19, 33]
• Addae, Jemima Okang. “NHIS Active Membership Rises to 70%: Health Minister.” Daily Graphic, 8 October 2026. [Ch. 23]
• Addeh, Emmanuel. “FG Ends Controversy on Nigeria’s Housing Gap, Committee Pegs Deficit at 15m Units.” ThisDay, 27 January 2026. [Ch. 22]
• Addeh, Emmanuel. “NNPC Releases 2024 Audited Financial Statement, Declares N5.4 Trillion Profit, N45.1tn Revenue.” ThisDay, 25 November 2025. [Ch. 12]
• Addis Fortune. “Chinese Footwear Behemoth Returns to Ethiopia, Raising Labour Rights Concerns.” Addis Ababa: Addis Fortune, 2026. [Ch. 15]
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• Adeyemi, Funmilayo. “JAMB Releases Statistical Analysis of 2025 UTME Results.” News Agency of Nigeria, 5 May 2025. [Ch. 20]
• Adly, Amr. Cleft Capitalism: The Social Origins of Failed Market Making in Egypt. Stanford University Press, 2020. [Ch. 6, 27]
• Adombila, Maxwell Akalaare. “Ghana’s Cocobod to Ask Traders to Pre-Finance Bean Purchases in New Funding Model.” Reuters, 23 August 2024. [Ch. 11]
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• Afreximbank. African Trade Report 2024. Cairo: African Export-Import Bank, 2024. [Ch. 4, 7, 8, 19]
• Africa Carbon Markets Initiative (ACMI). Africa Carbon Markets Initiative’s Status and Outlook Report 2024. Nairobi: ACMI, 2024. [Ch. 34]
• Africa Carbon Markets Initiative (ACMI). Roadmap Report: Harnessing Carbon Markets for Africa. Launch materials of the initiative announced at COP27. Nairobi: ACMI, 2023. [Ch. 34]
• Africa Center for Strategic Studies. “Burkina Faso Crisis Continues to Spiral.” Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 29 August 2023. [Ch. 36]
• Africa Center for Strategic Studies. “Ghana’s Illegal Gold Mining Crisis: A National Security Threat with Regional Implications.” Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 2025a. [Ch. 13]
• Africa Center for Strategic Studies. “Risk of Regional Conflict Following the Fall of Goma and the M23 Offensive in the DRC.” Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 2025b. [Ch. 31, 33]
• Africa Center for Strategic Studies. “Ten African Security Trends from 2025 in Graphics.” Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 17 December 2025c. [Ch. 33, 36]
• Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and the Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM). Framework for Action: Expanding Africa’s Vaccine Manufacturing to 60 Percent of Doses Used by 2040. Addis Ababa: Africa CDC, 2021. [Ch. 15]
• Africa Check. “Factsheet: Nigeria Rebases Its Economy Again. Here’s What Sets It Apart.” Africa Check, 2025. [Ch. 1]
• Africa Check. “Factsheet: Who Owns the Land in Nigeria?” Africa Check, 2023. [Ch. 22]
• Africa Defense Forum. “As Drone Warfare Expands in Africa, Turkey Increases Share of the Market.” Stuttgart: Africa Defense Forum, 11 February 2025a. [Ch. 33]
• Africa Defense Forum. “Could JNIM Eventually Control Burkina Faso?” Stuttgart: Africa Defense Forum, 18 November 2025b. [Ch. 36]
• Africa50. Bridge Linking Kinshasa and Brazzaville. Project page. Casablanca: Africa50, 2026. africa50.com, accessed 23 October 2026. [Ch. 31]
• African Association of Automotive Manufacturers (AAAM). AAAM Africa. Web site, with Auto Stats and e-Library. Johannesburg: AAAM, 2026. aaamafrica.com, accessed 23 October 2026. [Ch. 15]
• African Business. “DRC Raises $1.25bn in First Eurobond Issue.” African Business, April 2026a. [Ch. 21]
• African Business. “How Can Africa Get a Fair Price for Its Carbon Credits?” African Business, 18 July 2023a. [Ch. 34]
• African Business. “Manufacturing Success: How to Secure Africa’s Industrial Future.” African Business, 2026b. [Ch. 15]
• African Business. “OCP Group Drives Africa’s Transformation amid a Shift toward Sustainable Growth.” African Business, January 2026c. [Ch. 11, 28]
• African Business. “Wave West Africa Director: ‘Our Job Is to Digitise the Informal Sector’.” African Business, 11 April 2023b. [Ch. 16]
• African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET). Integrating to Transform. African Transformation Report. Accra: ACET, 2021. [Ch. 9, 19]
• African Development Bank (AfDB). Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program. Programme page of the joint initiative with the Global Center on Adaptation, first published 19 October 2021 and updated 14 November 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2025d. [Ch. 34]
• African Development Bank (AfDB). African Economic Outlook 2023. Abidjan: AfDB, 2023. [Ch. 11]
• African Development Bank (AfDB). Egypt: Benban, a Model of Clean Energy Production in Africa. Abidjan: AfDB, 2019. [Ch. 14]
• African Development Bank (AfDB). Jobs for Youth in Africa: Strategy for Creating 25 Million Jobs and Equipping 50 Million Youth, 2016–2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2016. [Ch. 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 36]
• African Development Bank. Africa Infrastructure Development Index (AIDI) 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2026b. [Ch. 19, 24-31]
• African Development Bank. African Development Fund Seventeenth Replenishment (ADF-17): Pledging Outcome. Press release, 16 December 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2025a. [Ch. 21, 33]
• African Development Bank. Sidi Ould Tah Elected Ninth President of the African Development Bank Group, press release, 29 May 2025; Final Communique of the Sixtieth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, 2 June 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2025b. [Ch. 33]
• African Development Bank. African Economic Outlook 2026. Abidjan: AfDB, 2026c. [Ch. 1, 4, 21]
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• African Development Bank. The $10 Billion Mega-Airport Financing Partnership Between Ethiopian Airlines and African Development Bank Takes Off. Press release, 12 August 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2025c. [Ch. 29]
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• African Energy Chamber. “Africa’s Energy Sector to Litigate Banks and Financiers for Financial Apartheid in Oil and Gas Sector.” Press release. Johannesburg: African Energy Chamber, August 2024. [Ch. 12]
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• African Securities Exchanges Association (ASEA). Our Members. Web page. Nairobi: ASEA, 2026. african-exchanges.org, accessed 23 October 2026; the association reports 25 member exchanges in 37 countries. [Ch. 16]
• African Union. Abuja Declaration on Fertilizer for an African Green Revolution. Abuja: African Union, 2006. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Addis Ababa Declaration of the Second Africa Climate Summit. Addis Ababa: African Union, 2025a. [Ch. 34]
• African Union. African Common Position on Energy Access and Just Transition. Adopted by the Executive Council at its 41st Ordinary Session. Addis Ababa: African Union, 2022. [Ch. 12, 34]
• African Union Commission. Progress Report on the Free Movement of Persons in Africa. Third Meeting of the Specialised Technical Committee on Migration, Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, Addis Ababa, 4 to 8 November 2019. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission, 2019. [Ch. 7, 10]
• African Union Commission. Third Biennial Review Report on the Implementation of the Malabo Declaration. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission, 2022. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Kampala Declaration on Building Resilient and Sustainable Agrifood Systems in Africa, with the CAADP Strategy and Action Plan 2026 to 2035. Kampala: African Union, 2025b. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods. Malabo: African Union, 2014. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Maputo Declaration on Agriculture and Food Security, establishing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Maputo: African Union, 2003. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Nairobi Declaration of the Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Summit. Nairobi: African Union, 2024. [Ch. 11]
• African Union. Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action. Adopted at the Africa Climate Summit. Nairobi: African Union, 2023. [Ch. 34]
• African Union. African Diaspora Finance Corporation: Business Framework (Abridged Version). Addis Ababa: African Union and GIZ, 2019. [Ch. 10, 19]
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• Africanews. “Mozambique Secures Out-of-Court Settlement with Swiss Bank over $1.5 Billion Tuna Bond Scandal.” Africanews, 2 October 2023. [Ch. 21]
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• Afronomicslaw. “Preferred in Principle, Penalised in Practice: Afreximbank and the Politics of Preferred Creditor Status.” By Victor Ojeah. Afronomicslaw, 23 June 2025. [Ch. 21]
• Agence Congolaise de Presse. “Pont route-rail Kinshasa-Brazzaville : lancement de l’avis d’appel à propositions.” Kinshasa: ACP, 26 May 2026. [Ch. 31]
• Agence Ecofin. “Commerce : les échanges entre la Chine et l’Afrique ont augmenté de 4,8 % en 2024 (douane chinoise).” Tchadinfos, 21 January 2025. [Ch. 32]
• Agence France-Presse. “Africa’s Biggest Diesel, Aviation Fuel Refinery Starts Production.” Malay Mail, 13 January 2024. [Ch. 12]
• Agence France-Presse. “French Army Leaves Senegal, Ending Military Presence in West Africa.” Khaleej Times, 17 July 2025. [Ch. 33, 36]
• Agence France-Presse. “Nigeria’s Outgoing President Opens Major Oil Plant.” Ahram Online, 22 May 2023. [Ch. 12, 24]
• Agence France-Presse. “Waves of Change: Nigeria’s Lagos Battles Atlantic Erosion.” Malay Mail, 10 July 2019. [Ch. 24]
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• AIM (Agência de Informação de Moçambique). “Mozambique: Ressano Garcia Border Post Re-Opens.” Club of Mozambique, 11 November 2024. [Ch. 25]
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